සාමාජීය

újdy mqrdKh

újdyfha b;sydih udkj ixy;sfha b;sydih ;rugu wE; w;S;hg hhs' újdyh udkj j¾.hdf.a wLKav meje;au i|yd we;sjQ ixia:djls' Ôú;hla f.k hdu i|yd ñksfil= iy .eyeKshl w;r we;s lr .kakd iïnkaO;dj újdyhla yeáhg o ye¢kaúh yelsh' újdyh jQ l,s" f,a kE in|;d ke;s jeäysá msßñfhl= iy .eyeKshl Tjqkaf.a b÷rka mskùu i|yd YdÍßl wjYH;d imqrd.kq i|yd we;s lr.kq ,nk in|;djla f,io we;eïyq ú.%y lr;s' zzújdy jpkhZZ zzújdyka;sZZ hk md,s jpkfhka ì£ wd jpkhlehs lsh;s' zzújdyhZZ hk wl=re y;rg fkdfhla wre;a § we;' fkdfhla whqßka w¾:l:kh lr we;'

zzújdyZZ hkq wfkla .Dyhlg ldka;djl §u hkqfjka o zzwdjdyZZ hkq ldka;djl Nd¾hd Ndjhg f.k tau hkqfjka o Y%S iqux., Yío fldaIfha i|ykafõ'

.ïno fmfoia j, meje;afjk u`.=,a W;aij wjidkfha fomËfhau jeäysáfhda l;d mj;aj;s' újdyh hkq úYajdi jQ;a" jdikdjka; jQ;a yuqùula yeáhg Tjqka úiska y÷kajd fok wjia:d fldf;l=;a wikakg ,efí' újdyh hk jpkfha úYajdih" jdikdj" yß jegySu yd hym; wd§ wre;a we;ehs ;j;a ;ekl i|yka ù ;sfí' fï ye¢kaùu tfia jqjo" yeu újdyhla u jdikdjka; fkdjk wjia:d tug we;'

újdyh ye¢kaùu i|yd Ndú;d lrkq ,nk jpk ldKav fndfyda ;sfí' lido ne£u" lrldr ne£u" mjq,a ùu" tl,di ùu" fmjdihla lr .ekSu" fmjyla lr .ekSu" ysrhla .ekSu" lghq;a;la lr .ekSu" mjq,a mkai,a ùu" ldr nkaOkhla lsÍu" mdKs.%yKh" irK hdu" nkaOkhlg we;=,a ùu" u`.=,a lEu" §. hEu" ìkak neySu wdÈh thska lSmhla muKls'

mD;=.Sis NdIdfjka zzldidZZ ^Kasa& hkqfjka f.or hk f;areu f.k fok nj;a" ldid fodaia ^CasadÈ& hkafkka f.or kv;a;= lrkakd hk woyi ±lafjk nj;a zzldid¾ZZ hkak újdyhg m;a hk f;areu f.k fok jpkhla nj;a" Ô'tï'fiakdr;ak úiska m, lrk ,o zzY%sS ,xldfõ újdy pdß;%ZZ keue;s .%ka:fha i|yka fõ' fï wkqj lidoh hk jpkh wfma ck jyrg tla jkakg we;af;a mD;=.SiSkaf.a wdl%uKfhka miqj is;kakg bv we;'

ody;a jk Y; j¾Ih f;la újdyh isÿ ù we;af;a ta ta hq. j, mej;s pdß;% jdß;% j,g wkqj ñi kS;s .; ,shú,a,lg fyda wd{d mk;lg wkqj fkdfõ' úfoaYslhkaf.a wdl%uKhg fmr ,dxlslhska w;r újdyh isÿ úh hq;= wdldrh kS;suh jYfhka ±lafjk igykla fyda újdy wdrjq,a ksrjq,a lsÍu i|yd fyda ta mssn|j wêlrK ;Skaÿjla fyda lsis ;ekl ,sÅ;j igyka ù we;s ieáhla fkdfmfkhs' thg fmr újdyh mssn| jQ ish,a,u isÿ ù we;af;a ta ta cd;Ska w;r ta ta hq.j, mej;s pdß;% jdß;% wkqj nj meyeÈ,sju fmfkhs' isxy,hka" oñ,hka iy uqia,sï cd;slhka újdy lghq;= j,§ wkq.ukh l isß;a úß;a wdosfhys meyeÈ,s fjkialï olakg ,efnhs'

isxy, fn!oaOhskaf.a újdyh isÿ lrk ,oafoa fmdarejla u;g kxjk ,o ukd,hdf.a iy ukd,shf.a iqe`.s,s fol rka yqhlska fyda msß;a yqhlska fyda ne| udud flfkl= úiska w; meka j;alrkq ,eîfuks' fï pdß;%h yer újdy ,shdmÈxÑ lsÍula tl, fkdùh'

.sKs ue,hla bÈßfha bÈ lrk ,o fmdarejla u; § yskaÿ Nla;slhskaf.a újdyh isÿ lrk ,§' fmdarej u; jdäjk ukd,hd ukdshf.a f., jgd rka ;e,a,la n£' ta rka ;e,a, ne£fuka miq th Ôú;dka;h olajd me| isáh hq;= w;r" tfia isÿ lrkq ,nk újdyh wj,x.= lsÍug o fkdyelsh'

uqia,sï Nla;slhskaf.a újdyh isÿ lrk ,oafoa zzfldardKfhaZZ i|yka jk wd.ñl j;a mssfj;a wkqj m,a,sfha mQcljrfhl= úisks' újdy .súiqug wfkl=;a újdy j, fuka ukdhd iy ukdsh w;aika fkdlr;s' ta .súiqug w;aika lrkq ,nkafka ukd,hd iy ukdshf.a mshd muKs' fï wkaoñka ,shdmÈxÑ lsÍfuka miq ukdshf.a mshd úiska ukdsh ukd,hdg ndr fokq ,efí'

l%sia;shdks újdy o wd.ñl j;dj;a wkqj m,a,sfha § isÿ flßks'

fï wkqoñka ta ta cd;Skaf.a újdy isÿ flrekq w;r" újdy lghq;= j,§ wkq.ukh l isß;a úß;a wdÈfhys o fjkialï ;sìKs'

mjq, iudcfha tallhla f,i isxy,fhda ie,l+y' ñksfil= iy .eyeKshl tlaù msysgqjd .kakd mjq, keue;s ixia:dj mssn|j uq¿ iudcfhau ie,ls,a, fhduq ùh' fujeks mjq,a tall ixLHdjla tal rdys ùfuka iudchla f.dvke.Su thg fya;=j úh' újdyhla isÿ lsÍfï § iudch úiska mss.kakd ,o isß;a úß;a ud,djla ;sìKs'

wE; w;S;fha msßñfhl= iy .eyeKshl w;r újdyhla isÿ lsÍug iïmQ¾K l hq;= lreKq lSmhla ùh'

01' ia;%sh o mqreIhd o tlu l=,hlg wh;a ùu'
02' Tjqka f,a {d;Ska fkdùu'
03' Tjqka wUq ieñhka f,i Ôj;a fkdjQfha kï isÓr jYfhka u mjq,a ixúOdkhla f.dvke.Sfï fÉ;kdj we;sju ùu'
04' uõmshkaf.a iy mjq,g iïnkaO ie,lsh hq;= hehs ie,flk {d;Skaf.a leue;a; ,nd ;sîu'
^iudcfha by< uÜgfï hqj,lf.a tla ùula kï rcqf.a leue;a; iy tl`.;djh o wjYH ùu&

iudcfha by< me,eka;sfha újdy W;aij b;d w,xldr f,i uy byska isÿ lrk ,o w;r" idñkH rg jeishkaf.a újdy W;aij tjqkag yels wdldrhg mjqf,a wd¾Ól ;;a;ajhg Tfrd;a;= fok mßÈ isÿ flßKs' wo fukau todo ;uka yg Tfrd;a;= fkdfok muKg úh yshoï fldg u`.=,a ld" bvlvï mjd ke;s lrf.k uy u`.g niskakg isÿ jQ mjq,a mssn|j o wikakg ,eìKs'

Wvrg iy my;rg hkqfjka isxy,hka fnod fjka lsÍu isÿjQfha úfoaYslhkaf.a wdl%uKfhka miqjh' fuf,i fnod fjka lsÍug m%Odk fya;=j jQfha muqj mD;=.SiSkaf.a;a bka miq ,kafoaiSkaf.a;a wjidkfha ì%;dkHfha;a md,khg hg;a jQ uqyqÿnv m%foaYj, isxy,hka my; rg isxy,hka f,i ye¢kaùu ksidh' 1815 § ì%;dkHhkaf.a md,khg hg;a jk f;lau Wvrg m%foaYj, ckhd isxy, rcjrekaf.a md,khg hg;aj isá ksid Tjqka Wvrg isxy,hka f,i ye¢kaúKs'

uqyqÿ nv m%foaYj, mÈxÑ isxy,hkaf.a Wvrg m%foaYj, mÈxÑ isxy,hkaf.a;a isß;a úß;a wdÈfhys iq¿ iq¿ fjkialï olskakg ,enqko" uQ,sl jYfhka t;rï úYd, fjkialï olskakg fkd,enqKs' my;rg isxy, fn!oaOhkaf.a;a Wvrg isxy, fn!oaOhkaf.a;a wo meje;afjk újdy ux., pdß;% jdß;% wdÈfhys fjkila wef;d;a ta b;d iq¿ jYfhks'

uqyqÿ nv m%foaY mD;=.SiSkaf.a md,khg hg;a jQ miq mD;=.SiSkaf.a isß;a úß;a iy újdy kS;s Í;s tu m%foaYj, ckhdg o n,meje;afjk wdldrhg Tjqka thg yiq lr .kakg W;aidy l< kuq;a" iajfoaYslfhda mrx.Skaf.a n,mEug hg;a fkdjQy mD;=.SiSka Tjqkaf.a ckhd fjkqfjka mD;=.Sis isß;a úß;a j,g wkqj tjeks kS;s Í;s mekùu .ek úreoaO fkdjQ iajfoaYslfhda ;uka yg n,mEhq;af;a wdfõksl iïm%odhkg wkqj ilia jQ pdß;% jdß;% nj úfoaYslhskg fmkajd ÿkay' tmuKlska fkdkej;=kq my; rg isxy,hka mD;=.SiSkaf.a isß;a úß;a m%;slafIam l< w;r" ;uka yg wdfõksl jQ ;u merKs isß;a úß;a yd iïm%odhka ta whqßka u mj;ajdf.k hd hq;= hehs o tajd fjkia lsÍug lsisfia;a n,mEï fkdl< hq;= hehs o hkqfjka i|yka .súiqula mD;=.SiSka iu. u,ajdfka § we;s lr .kakd ,§'

isxy, cd;slhka yd mD;=.Sis cd;slhka w;r újdy isÿ lsÍug mD;=.SiSyq jeä Wkkaÿjla ±lajQy' Tjqka tfia Wkkaÿ jQfha tjeks ñY% újdy j,ska ,efnk orejka wkd.;fha § mD;=.Sis fyajdhkg újdy lr §fï n,dfmdfrd;a;=fjks' ,xldfõ uqyqÿ nv m%foaYj, isá mD;=.Sis fyajdhkg wjYH mßÈ wUqjka mD;=.d,fhka ,nd .ekSug ÿIalr jQ ksid thg msshula jYfhka fuu ñY% újdy ckm%sh lsÍug mD;=.Sis jehï l,y'

mD;=.Sis ñksiqka iu. isxy, .eyekqka újdy jqjo Tjqkaf.a mjq,a Ôú; t;rï i;=gqodhl fkdjQ wjia;d lsysmhla mssn|j i|yka lrk ßfnhsfrda ^J. Rebeeiro& thg m%Odk fya;=j ù we;af;a fomlaIfha wdpdrO¾u j, iy fomlaIfha wd.ïj, we;s fjkia mq¿,a mr;rh hehs i|yka lrhs'

mD;=.SiSka úiska fmdUjk ,o ñY% újdy l%uh ,kafoaiSyqo wkq.ukh ly' ,kafoais isxy, ñY% újdy we;s lsÍug Tjqyq isxy, ck;dj fmUjQy' fuu fmUùu ksid iEfyk msßila l%sia;shdks wd.u je|.;ay' idrO¾u yd isß;a úß;a wdÈfhka iajfoaYslhka yd úfoaYslhka w;r' mEySula fkdjQjo" wd¾Ól ÿIlr;d ksid l%sia;shdks wd.u je|f.k ´,kao fyajdhkaf.a Nd¾hdjka ùug isxy, ;reKsfhda l%ufhka weíneys jQy' ´,kao ieñhka ksid WmÈk orejkag ngysr Wiia wOHdmkhla ,nd Èh yels hehso Tjqka is;+y' fï l%ufhka l%sia;shdks wd.u je| .;a;jqkaf.a ixLHdj l%ufhka jeäjk ieáhla Tjqkg fmKsks' fufia isÿjk l%sia;shdks újdy jeäj;au" tajd l%uj;aj f,aLk.; lsÍu mssn|j Tjqyq wjOdkh fhduq ly' ta i|yd zzf;daïnqZZ keue;s ,shdmsxÑ lsÍfï f,aLk mj;ajdf.k hdug ta,kao md,lfhda ;SrKh ly' ta újdy ,shdmÈxÑ lsÍfï ld¾hh m,a,sfha § isÿ flrekq w;r" tu ld¾hh zzm,a,sfha .=rekakdkafiaZZ hkqfjka ye¢kajqKq mdif,a uq,a .=rejrhdg mejreKs' fuu .=rejreka ,kafoaiSkaf.a md,l uKav,h hgf;a fiajh lrkakka ksid Tjqka md,lhkaf.a md,khg hg;a jQy'

yskaÿ Nla;slhka jQ oñhka o" fn!oaOhka jQ isxy,hka o iajlSh wdfõksl isß;a úß;a wdÈh ta ieáfhka u mj;ajd .ekSug W;aidy l< w;r" l%sia;shdks Nla;slfhda ,kafoaiSkaf.a isß;a úß;a wkq.ukh lsÍug fmUqky' ,kafoaiSkaf.a isß;a úß;a iy újdy kS;s Í;s iajfoaYslhkag fl,ska u n,mdk wdldrhg Tjqka lghq;= lfahehs Tmamq lsÍug iEfyk ;rï idOl ke;' tfy;a tl, mej;s jd;djrKh wkqj uqyqÿ nv fmfoia md,kh l< ,kafoaiSkaf.a isß;a úß;a wkq.ukh fldg ,kafoais md,lhkg ióm ùug;a" ta u.ska Tjqkaf.ka ;dkak udkak ,nd .ekSug;a iajfoaYslhka m%sh fldlfa hehs mejish yelso@

zzisxy, kS;s Í;s iy isß;a úß;aZZ keue;a .%ka;fha fya,s i|yka lr we;s wkaoug 1796 § ì%;dkHhkaf.a wdl%uKfhka miqj o Wv/áhka mj;ajdf.k wd újdy pdß;% jdß;% isß;a úß;a wdÈfhys t;rï ie,lsh hq;= fjkila isÿ fkdjQ kuq;a" uqyqÿ nv m%foaYj, újdy ,shdmÈxÑ lsÍu ta ta fldar< j, mej;s isß;a úß;a wkqj tu fldar< md,kh l fldardjrekg kshu úh'

rfÜ iudc ;;a;ajh fyda wd¾Ól ;;a;ajh fyda kexùfï jevmssfj,la mssn|j ì%;dkHfhda tl lsisu ie,ls,a,la" ;elSula fkdly' tfiau foaYslhkaf.a ixialD;sh isß;a úß;a wdÈh mssn|j jqjo" t;rï Wkkaÿjla fkd±lajQy' ;elSula fkdly' Tjqkaf.a mrud¾:h jQfha wdodhï tla/ia lsÍu muKls'

yskaÿ Nla;sl oñhkaf.a újdy kS;s ix.%yh ,sÅ;j muqfjkau tsÿgqfõ 1707 § muKh' Tjqkaf.a pdß;% jdß;% u; ilia jQ fuu jHjia:d ud,dj zzf;aij,dfïZZ hkqfjka ye¢kafjhs' f;aij,dfï kS;s ix.%yh újdyh ksid foam,j,g we;s whs;sh úfYaI i|ykla fjhs' 1815 ud¾;=fõ ì%;dkHhka yd Wv/áhka w;r we;s lr .kakd ,o .súiqfuka Wv/áhka úiska mj;ajdf.k tk ,o Tjqkgu wdfõksl jQ isß;a úß;a wkqj ilia jQ újdy kS;s Í;s moaO;sh ta wkaougu bÈßhg o mj;ajdf.k hdug tl`. jk nj ;yjqre fldg we;' uqyqÿ nv m%foaYj, mÈxÑj isá foaYSh frmrudÿjkag n,mdk újdy kS;s ix.%yhla muqfjka u ,sÅ;j ilia jQfha 1815 wf.daia;= udifha 25 jk Èk ksl=;a lrk ,o wxl 7 orK wd{d mkf;ks' uqyqÿ nv m%foaYhkays isÿjk ish¨u újdy iy Wm;a ,shdmÈxÑ l hq;h hk fr.=,dish mekjQfha 1822 wxl 9 orK wd{d mkf;ks' 1822 § mekjQ fï újdy fr.=,dis 1847 - 1849 ld,h ;= ;jÿrg;a ixfIdaOkh ù ish¨u újdy" urK iy Wm;a muKla fkdj Èla lido o ,shdmÈxÑ l hq;= hehs lshefjk kS;sh o mekúks' 1877 ka miq iEu Èidm;s jrfhl=u" iEu Wm Èidm;s jrfhl= muKla fkdj Èidm;sjrekaf.a ld¾hd, iyldr mjd ks, n,fhka m%dfoaYSh f,alïjrfhl= njg m;aflfrk kS;s mekúks'

wE; w;S;fha isgu Wv/áhka wkq.ukh l< Wvrg újdy kS;s Í;s úYd, jYfhka ixfIdaOkh fkdjQ w;r fjkila we;súkskï" ta iq¿ jYfhks' Wvrg újdy kS;sh n,mEfõ Wv/áhkg muKs' Wv/áhka fkdjk wfkla ;eke;a;kag idudkH kS;sh hkqfjka ye¢kajqKq kS;s Í;s n,mE w;r" l%sia;shdks Nla;slhkaf.a újdy o tu kS;shg hg;a ùh' tys tlu fjki jQfha l%sia;shdks Nla;slhskaf.a újdy ,shdmÈxÑ lsÍu m,a,sfha § l yels ùuh' újdy ,shdmÈxÑ lrkafkda frðiag%d¾ ckrd,ajrhdf.a md,khg hg;a jQy'

yskaÿ Nla;slhskaf.a újdy zzf;aij,dfïZZ kS;s ix.%yh wkqj o bia,dï Nla;slhskaf.a újdy zzfldardKfhaZZ ±lafjk wdldrhg isÿ lrk ,§'

Wv/áhkg Wvrg újdy kS;sh hgf;a újdy úh yels jqjo wjYH kï" Wv/áhkg idudkH újdy kS;sh hgf;a jqjo újdy úh yelsh' Wvrg m%foaYj, mÈxÑ jQfjda Wv/áhka f,i ie,l+y' tfy;a iuyr wjia:d j,§ Wv/áhd ljqreo hkq ;SrKh lsÍu i|yd ksIaÑ; jYfhka w¾: ksrEmKh lr .ekSug wêlrKfha msysg m;kakg isÿjQ wjia:d ;sìKs'

uOHu md;" W;=re ueo md; W!j md; iy inr.uq md; Wvrg m%foaY jYfhka ie,flk w;r tu md;aj, mÈxÑ jQjka Wv/áhka f,i i,l;s'

idudkH újdy kS;sh hgf;a újdy jk Wv/áhkg jvd Wvrg újdy kS;sh hgf;a újdy jk Wv/áhkg úfYaI jrm%ido ysñ ù we;ehs iudc úoHd{hka ;¾l lrk kuqÿ Wv/áhka N=la;s ú|f.k tk jrm%ido j, fjkila isÿù ke;'

1859 wxl 13 orK Wvrg újdy wd{d mk; we;s lrk f;la Wvrg újdy mssn| kS;suh mk;la fkdùh' Bg fmr újdy lghq;= tjl mej;s isß;a úß;a wkqj isÿ l< w;r" wUq ieñhka jYfhka tlaj Ôj;a ùu újdyhla f,i tl, iudch mss.;af;ah'

1958 - 1959 ld,fha § Y%S ,xld úYaj úoHd,h wkq.%yfhka ud;f,a Èia;%slalfha ,.a., m%foaYh uq,afldg l m¾fhaIKhl § újdy 50 la mssn|j lreKq fidhd n,d we;' tu újdy 50 ka ,shd mÈxÑ lr we;af;a újdy 3la muKla nj fysùh' ,shdmÈxÑ fkdl mjq,a 47 u újdy ,shdmÈxÑ l mjq,a 3 fuka u" lsisÿ fjkila ke;sj újdy Ôú; .; lrk nj fï m¾fhaIKfhka meyeÈ,s ù we;'

tod ta ;;a;ajh tfia jqjo ±ka ±ka isÿjk újdy ish,a,u mdfya ,shdmÈxÑ lrkq ,efí' tfy;a we;eï ;efkl l,d;=rlska ,shdmÈxÑ fkdù újdy Ôú; .; lrkafkdao fj;s'